Experience in the Use of Video Capsule Endoscopy in Patients with Unexplained Iron Deficiency Anemia / Experiencia con el uso de la videocápsula endoscópica en pacientes con anemia ferropénica inexplicada

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in developed countries has been estimated between 2-5 %, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Etiological identification is sometimes difficult and requires diagnostic methods, such as video capsule endoscopy (VCE). Aim: This study intends to characterize the findings of this technique in patients with unexplained iron deficiency anemia. Materials and methods: Descriptive observational retrospective study. We describe the VCE findings (PillCamSB2-SB3) in all patients seen between 2011 and 2019. The findings were interpreted according to the Saurin classification: normal (P0), uncertain potential (P1), and high bleeding potential (P2). Results: Of the 490 VCEs performed during the study period, 155 indicated iron deficiency anemia; 106 were women (68.4 %), and the mean age was 57.1 ± 16.6 years. The main comorbidities were cardiovascular in 23 (18.3 %) and arterial hypertension in 16 (12.6 %). Antiplatelets were present in 18 (15.4 %) and anticoagulants in six (5.1 %). Small bowel lesions were vascular in 44 studies (28.4 %), inflammatory in 33 (21.2 %), and neoplastic in seven (4.5 %). Angiectasias were the most frequent lesions in 33 cases (21.3 %). P2 lesions were present in 53 VCEs (34.2 %). Conclusions: VCE is helpful in the study of iron deficiency anemia and helps detect positive findings in the midgut in three out of four patients for which it is indicated. The most frequent significant P2 lesions were vascular. These findings allow providing adequate treatment.

Resumen Introducción: la prevalencia de la anemia ferropénica en países desarrollados se ha estimado entre 2 %-5 %, asociada con una alta morbimortalidad. La identificación etiológica a veces es difícil, y requiere de métodos diagnósticos, como la videocápsula endoscópica (VCE). Objetivo: el objeto del presente estudio fue caracterizar los hallazgos de esta técnica en pacientes con anemia ferropénica inexplicada. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Se describen los hallazgos de VCE (PillCamSB2-SB3) en todos los pacientes atendidos entre 2011 y 2019. Los hallazgos se interpretaron según la clasificación de Saurin: normal (P0), potencial incierto (P1) y alto potencial de sangrado (P2). Resultados: del total de 490 VCE realizadas durante el período del estudio, 155 se efectuaron con indicación de anemia ferropénica; 106 fueron mujeres (68,4 %) y la edad media fue de 57,1 ± 16,6 años. Las comorbilidades principales fueron cardiovasculares en 23 (18,3 %) e hipertensión arterial en 16 (12,6 %). La ingesta de antiplaquetarios se presentó en 18 (15,4 %) y anticoagulantes en 6 (5,1 %). Las lesiones en el intestino delgado fueron vasculares en 44 estudios (28,4 %), inflamatorias en 33 (21,2 %) y neoplásicas en 7 (4,5 %). Las angiectasias fueron las lesiones más frecuentes en 33 casos (21,3 %). En 53 VCE se presentaron lesiones P2 (34,2 %). Conclusiones: la VCE es útil en el estudio de la anemia ferropénica, y ayuda a detectar hallazgos positivos en el intestino medio en 3 de cada 4 pacientes en los cuales se indica su uso. Las lesiones P2 significativas más frecuentes fueron las vasculares. Estos hallazgos permiten enfocar un tratamiento adecuado.

Ulceración esofágica por ingestión de doxiciclina / Doxycycline induced esophageal ulceration

La ulceración esofágica por ingestión de doxiciclina es una de las causas más frecuentes de lesión esofágica. Ha sido subdiagnosticada y escasamente reconocida en dermatología. El dolor retroesternal, la odinofagia de aparición brusca y el antecedente de ingesta de doxiciclina u otros fármacos son características que facilitan su diagnóstico. Puede presentar complicaciones serias, como hemorragias, estenosis y mediastinitis.

Esophageal ulceration due to ingestion of doxycycline is one of the most frequent causes of esophageal injury. It has been underdiagnosed and scarcely recognized in dermatology. Retrosternal pain, sudden odynophagia and a history of doxycycline or other drugs intake are some of the characteristics that lead to diagnosis. It may cause severe complications such as bleeding, stenosis and mediastinitis.

Ileal neuroendocrine tumor: diagnosis by endoscopic capsule / Tumor neuroendocrino ileal: diagnóstico por cápsula endoscópica

The diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine is usually challenging. They are infrequent, and the clinical course is insidious with nonspecific manifestations. Routine endoscopic and abdominal imaging studies are more often unremarkable. Therefore, distant metastases are frequently detected at the time of diagnosis. The tumor markers chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase, and capsule endoscopy, and device-assisted enteroscopy are useful resources to establish a diagnosis. The aim was to present a case of neuroendocrine tumor of small intestine diagnosed with base in findings of the capsule endoscopy and further open surgery.

El diagnóstico de tumores neuroendocrinos del intestino delgado suele ser un desafío. Son infrecuentes y el curso clínico es insidioso con manifestaciones inespecíficas. Los estudios de imágenes endoscópicos y abdominales de rutina suelen ser anodinos. Por tanto, las metástasis a distancia se detectancon frecuencia en el momento del diagnóstico. Los marcadores tumorales cromogranina A, sinaptofi-sina y enolasa neuronal específica, y la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopía asistida por dispositivo son recursos útiles para establecer un diagnóstico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar un caso de tumor neuroendocrino de intestino delgado diagnosticado con base en hallazgos de la cápsula endoscópica y de una nueva cirugía abierta.

Diagnóstico de divertículo de Meckel mediante cápsula endoscópica / Diagnose of Meckel's diverticulum through endoscopic capsule

Meckel's diverticulum can be present in up to 1.2% of the population. It is usually diagnosed as an imaging finding, but it can present with complications such as digestive bleeding, intestinal obstruction, diverticulitis, ulcers, and perforation, more frequently in childhood or infancy. The diagnosis workup for this condition will depend on their clinical manifestation, the most frequent being gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin or small intestinal bleeding. In this context, although capsule endoscopy is the preferred technique, its diagnostic yield for the detection of Meckel's diverticulum is not entirely clear and it has not been compared in a controlled studies with other diagnostic methods. Here we report the diagnosis of a Meckel diverticulum and its intestinal complications by means of capsule endoscopy in a patient with iron deficiency anemia and gastrointestinal bleeding

El divertículo de Meckel puede estar presente en el 1,2% de la población general. Usualmente es diagnosticado como un hallazgo, pero puede presentarse con mayor frecuencia en la niñez o infancia por sus complicaciones como hemorragia digestiva, obstrucción intestinal, diverticulitis, úlceras y perforación. El enfrentamiento diagnóstico de esta condición dependerá de la manifestación clínica, siendo lo más frecuente hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro o de intestino delgado. En este contexto, si bien la cápsula endoscópica es la técnica de elección, su rendimiento diagnóstico para la detección del divertículo de Meckel no es del todo claro y no ha sido comparado de forma controlada con otras técnicas diagnósticas. En el presente caso se reporta el diagnóstico de un divertículo de Meckel y sus complicaciones intestinales mediante cápsula endoscópica en una paciente con anemia ferropriva y hemorragia digestiva.

Posible sangrado del intestino delgado. ¿Es la videocápsula endoscópica la mejor opción? / Is the videocapsule endoscopy the best option for diagnosis of possible bleeding from the small intestine?

Resumen En pacientes sin una causa clara de sangrado gastrointestinal luego de una endoscopia digestiva alta y baja, la causa se encontrará en el intestino delgado hasta en el 77 % de los casos. Ante el excelente rendimiento diagnóstico de la videocápsula endoscópica (VCE) para el estudio de este segmento del tracto gastrointestinal, surge la duda de si debería ser el método diagnóstico inicial de este grupo de pacientes con posible sangrado del intestino delgado (PSID) o si la realización de una nueva endoscopia alta y baja o algún método alternativo de estudio del intestino delgado debería serlo. En esta revisión se evalúa y evidencia el rendimiento diagnóstico superior y la mayor seguridad de la VCE como abordaje inicial de pacientes con PSID en relación con otros métodos. Sin embargo, se pone en tela de juicio la mejor costo-efectividad de este abordaje en nuestro medio, que en otros ha sido claramente demostrada.

Abstract When neither upper nor lower gastrointestinal endoscopy can find a clear cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, it will eventually be found in the small intestine in up to 77% of cases. Given the excellent diagnostic performance of video capsule endoscopy for studying this segment of the gastrointestinal tract, the question of whether it should become the initial diagnostic method for patients with possible bleeding from the small intestine arises. The alternatives are to perform additional upper and lower endoscopic procedures or to use some alternative method of studying the small intestine. This review documents and evaluates the superior diagnostic performance and greater safety of videocapsule endoscopy as the initial approach for possible bleeding from the small intestine and compares it with other methods. However, the cost-effectiveness of this approach, clearly demonstrated elsewhere, is questioned in our setting.

Predictive factors for complete and incomplete evaluation of small intestine by endoscopic capsule / Fatores preditivos para avaliação completa e incompleta do intestino delgado pela cápsula endoscópica

ABSTRACT Background: The small-bowel is the most difficult segment to be visualized by traditional endoscopic methods. The need for its exploration led to the development of capsule endoscopy. The percentage of the complete examination varies and still remains uncertain the factors that influence the complete and incomplete examination. Aim: Evaluate the factors that interfere with the completeness of the endoscopic evaluation by the capsule. Methods: A prospective study in which were included 939 patients divided into two groups: complete group (CG) and incomplete group (IG). The studied variables that could interfere were: age, gender, comorbidities, diagnosis of Crohn's disease, previous abdominal surgery, inadequate preparation to compare the groups reached and did not reach the cecum. Results: Of the 939 patients included 879 (93.3%) reached the cecum (CG) and 63 (6.7%) IG no. The IG was composed of 29 (46.0%) men and 34 (54.0%) women with a mean age of 49.7 years; comorbidities this group accounted for 46% of which 15.9% was Crohn's disease, previous abdominal surgery 22.2% and 17.5% inadequate preparation. Conclusion: Factors associated with complete or incomplete outcome of the examination with capsule endoscopy were: associated comorbidities, Crohn's disease, previous abdominal surgery and inadequate preparation.

RESUMO Racional: O intestino delgado é segmento de maior dificuldade na visualização pelos métodos endoscópicos tradicionais. A necessidade de explorá-lo levou ao desenvolvimento da cápsula endoscópica. A porcentagem do exame completo por ela varia e falta identificar fatores que influenciam o exame completo e incompleto. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores que interfiram na completude do estudo endoscópico pela cápsula. Método: Estudo prospectivo onde foram incluídos 939 pacientes divididos em dois grupos: grupo completo (GC) e grupo incompleto (GI). As variáveis analisadas que pudessem interferir foram: idade, gênero, comorbidades associadas, diagnóstico de doença de Crohn, operações abdominais prévias, preparo inadequado para comparar os grupos que atingiram e não atingiram o ceco. Resultados: Dos 939 pacientes incluídos 879 (93,3%) atingiram o ceco (GC) e 63 (6,7%) GI não. O GI era composto por 29 (46,0%) homens e 34 (54,0%) mulheres com idade média de 49,7 anos; as comorbidades deste grupo corresponderam a 46%, das quais 15,9% era doença de Crohn, 22,2% operação abdominal prévia e 17,5% preparo inadequado. Conclusão: Os fatores associados ao desfecho completo ou incompleto do exame com a cápsula endoscópica foram: comorbidades associadas, doença de Crohn, operação abdominal prévia e preparo inadequado.

Experiencia inicial en Buenos Aires con la cirugía transoral robótica (TORS) / Initial experience with transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in Buenos Aires

Antecedentes: la cirugía robótica es una alternativa a la cirugía abierta, microcirugía láser CO2, o quimiorradioterapia en vía aerodigestiva superior. El robot permite trasladar la técnica quirúrgica abierta a un abordaje mínimamente invasivo, con acceso por boca, para patología benigna y maligna. Actualmente se emplean diferentes terapéuticas con similares resultados oncológicos. Objetivo: introducir una herramienta quirúrgica para abordaje bucal. Comunicar la experiencia inicial con el uso del robot. Evaluar la preservación de respiración y deglución. Analizar variables que determinaron una disminución en la hospitalización. Material y métodos: 13 mujeres y 11 hombres. Edad entre 16 y 82 años, media de 55,08. Total 24 pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria crónica (8), tumores benignos (4) y malignos (12). Variables consideradas en cirugía robótica: tiempo y lugar de internación, complicaciones, estado respiratorio y deglutorio, uso de técnicas reconstructivas. Se realizó videoendoscopia de deglución para objetivar la seguridad del método. Resultados: tiempo medio de internación: 1,92 días. El 83,3% internado 1 día. El 79,9% en internación general. Unidad cerrada: 20,1%. Ninguna traqueostomía. Cicatrización del lecho por segunda. Sin complicaciones. Edema de lengua: 2 pacientes. Conclusiones: la cirugía robótica favorece la exéresis con baja morbilidady máxima preservación de tejidos sanos. Disminuye: edema posoperatorio, uso colgajos para reparar el lecho, traqueotomía temporaria, tiempo de internación. La videoendoscopia de deglución demuestra utilidad para determinar la deglución segura. Limitante del presente trabajo es el tamaño de la muestra. Es importante incrementar el número de pacientes para valorizar supervivencia y calidad de vida.

Background: robotic surgery is an alternative to open surgery, CO2 laser microsurgery, or chemoradiation for the upper aero-digestive tract. This system allows surgeons to use the open surgical technique in a minimally invasive approach through the mouth to treat benign and malignant disorders. Different treatments are currently used with similar oncologic outcomes. Objective: the aim of this study was to introduce a surgical tool through transoral approach, report the initial experience with the use of the robotic system, evaluate respiratory and digestive functional preservation and analyze the variables associated with shorter hospital length of stay. Material and methods: A total of 24 patients (13 women and 11 men, mean age 55.08 years [16-82]) were included. Eight patients had chronic inflammatory disease, four had benign tumors and 12 had cancer. The variables considered in robotic surgery were hospital length of stay, place of postoperative care, complications, respiratory and swallowing function and use of reconstructive techniques. Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing was performed to document safe function. Results: mean length of stay was 1.92 days; 83.3% stayed for one day; 79.9% were admitted to the general ward and 20.1% stayed in intensive or intermediate care units. None of the patients required tracheostomy. Healing of the surgical bed occurred by secondary intention. There were no complications. Tongue edema occurred in two patients. Conclusions: robotic surgery favors tumor removal with low morbidity and maximum preservation of healthy tissues while reducing postoperative edema, use of flaps for reconstruction, temporary tracheostomy and hospital length of stay. Flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing is useful to determine safe swallowing function. The main limitation of our study is the sample size. It is important to increase the number of patients to evaluate survival and quality of life.

Optimal Bowel Preparation for Capsule Endoscopy and Device-assisted Enteroscopy / 대한소화기학회지

For improved examination of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) and device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE), bowel preparation is an essential issue. Multiple factors like air bubbles, food material in the small bowel, and gastric and small bowel transit time affect the small bowel visualization quality (SBVQ), diagnostic yield (DY) and cecal completion rate (CR). Bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution enhances SBVQ and DY, but it has no effect on CR. Bowel preparation with PEG solution 2 L is similar to PEG 4 L in SBVQ, DY, and CR. Bowel preparation with fasting or PEG solution combined with anti-foaming agents like simethicone enhance SBVQ, but it has no effect on CR. Bowel preparation with prokinetics is not commonly recommended. Optimal timing for purgative bowel preparation has yet to be established. However, the studies regarding bowel preparation for DAE are not sufficient. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) recommends 8–12 hours fasting from solid food and 4–6 hours fasting from liquids prior to the antegrade DAE. For retrograde DAE, colonoscopy preparation regimen is recommended. This article reviews the literature and ESGE, 2013 Korean published guidelines regarding bowel preparation for VCE and DAE, following suggestion for optimal bowel preparation for VCE and balloon enteroscopy.

Value of capsule endoscopy in children with small intestinal diseases with hematochezia as the chief complaint / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the value of capsule endoscopy in children with small intestinal diseases with hematochezia as the chief complaint.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and capsule endoscopy findings of 93 children with hematochezia who were admitted to Children's Hospital of Fudan University from May 2015 to January 2019 and underwent capsule endoscopy. According to the capsule endoscopy findings of the jejunum and the ileum, they were divided into a positive lesion group with 39 patients and a negative lesion group with 54 patients. Related clinical data and the features of lesion on capsule endoscopy were analyzed for the two groups.@*RESULTS@#There were no significant differences in age, sex, duration of capsule endoscopy, gastric transit time, and small intestinal transit time between the positive lesion and negative lesion groups (P>0.05). The positive lesion group had a significantly lower level of hemoglobin than the negative lesion group (P<0.05). Hemoglobin level was negatively correlated with the rate of positive lesions on capsule endoscopy (r=-0.342, P=0.001). Among the 39 patients with positive lesions on capsule endoscopy, the detection of Meckel's diverticulum was the highest (41%), followed by inflammatory bowel disease (21%).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Capsule endoscopy has a certain value in detecting small intestinal diseases, especially diseases in the jejunum and the ileum, in children with lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

Algoritmo para el manejo de la aspiración pulmonar crónica en pediatría / Algorithm for the management of chronic pulmonary aspiration in pediatrics

La aspiración pulmonar es el pasaje de alimentos, reflujo gastroesofágico y/o saliva a la vía aérea de manera suficiente que ocasione síntomas respiratorios crónicos o recurrentes. Es una ausa importante de neumonía recurrente, enfermedad pulmonar progresiva, bronquiectasias e, incluso, muerte. La aspiración es intermitente y, con frecuencia, ocurre en niños con anomalías médicas subyacentes o síndromes que ocasionan síntomas respiratorios similares a la aspiración pulmonar crónica, por lo que, muchas veces, el diagnóstico de aspiración se demora hasta que haya una lesión pulmonar significativa. Se describen los métodos diagnósticos disponibles y sus limitaciones, y las opciones de tratamiento de la aspiración pulmonar crónica en la población pediátrica.

Pulmonary aspiration is the passage of food, gastroesophageal reflux and/or saliva to the airway in a manner sufficient to cause chronic or recurrent respiratory symptoms. It is an important cause of recurrent pneumonia, progressive lung disease, bronchiectasis and even death.Aspiration is intermittent and often occurs in children with underlying medical conditions or syndromes that cause respiratory symptoms similar to chronic pulmonary aspiration, so diagnosis of aspiration is often delayed until there is a significant lung injury. The available diagnostic methods and their limitations, and treatment options of chronic pulmonary aspiration in the pediatric population are described.

Heterotopia de mucosa gástrica en el intestino delgado, hallazgo en videocápsula endoscópica. Reporte de caso / An endoscopic videocapsule finding of heterotopia of the gastric mucosa of the small intestine

Resumen Introducción: la heterotopia de mucosa gástrica se refiere a la localización ectópica de mucosa gástrica en cualquier parte del tracto gastrointestinal. Es una causa poco frecuente de úlceras gastrointestinales y sangrado digestivo oculto. La videocápsula endoscópica se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental para el estudio del intestino delgado. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de reporte de caso. La información de la historia clínica, reporte de patología y estudios endoscópicos, se extrajo de las bases de datos de la Fundación Valle del Lili. Resultados: paciente masculino de 71 años, en quien se realizó videocápsula endoscópica por un sangrado digestivo oculto y se encontraron segmentos de estenosis y úlceras en el yeyuno. La histopatología reveló la presencia de mucosa gástrica heterotópica. Conclusión: la heterotopia de mucosa gástrica debe considerarse como una causa posible de sangrado del intestino delgado.

Abstract Introduction: Heterotopia of the gastric mucosa refers to an ectopic location of gastric mucosa in any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a rare cause of gastrointestinal ulcers and occult digestive bleeding. Endoscopic videocapsules have become fundamental tools for study of the small intestine. Methods: This is a descriptive case study based on information from the medical history, pathology report and endoscopic studies extracted from the databases of the Fundación Valle del Lili in Cali, Colombia. Results: An endoscopic videocapsule was used to examine a 71-year-old male patient who suffered from occult digestive bleeding. Segments of stenosis and ulcers were found in the jejunum and histopathology revealed heterotopic gastric mucosa. Conclusion: Heterotopy of the gastric mucosa should be thought of as a possible cause of bleeding in the small intestine.

Flebectasia yeyunal como causa de hemorragia digestiva media masiva / Jejunal phlebectasia as a cause of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Las anormalidades vasculares del tracto gastrointestinal son una causa común de sangrado digestivo. La mayoría se localizan al alcance de la endoscopía digestiva alta y/o colonoscopía, una vez descartado ello, obliga a considerar al intestino delgado como causa de la hemorragia. El manejo exitoso de una hemorragia digestiva depende principalmente de la localización oportuna de la fuente del sangrado, sin embargo esta tarea puede ser difícil, cuando la causa no está al alcance de los métodos convencionales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 21 años cuyo diagnóstico fue una flebectasia yeyunal sangrante, luego de una cuidadosa evaluación de los hallazgos de la cápsula endoscópica y laparoscopía.

Vascular abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract are a common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Most of them are located within the reach of the upper endoscopy or colonoscopy, although once discarded, it forces to consider small bowel as the source of bleeding. The successful management of a gastrointestinal bleeding depends mainly on the timely location of the source of bleeding. Nevertheless this task can be difficult when the cause is not within the reach of conventional methods. We present a case of a 21 year-old men in which the diagnosis of bleeding yeyunal phlebectasia was made by the findings of the capsule endoscopy and laparoscopy.

Meckel's Diverticulum Diagnosed in a Child with Suspected Small Bowel Crohn's Disease / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

We report a rare case of Meckel's diverticulum in a boy who initially presented with chronic iron deficiency anemia (IDA) without any history of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding at 8 years-old. Isolated small bowel Crohn's disease was suspected based on findings of small bowel ulcers on capsule endoscopy. At four years from initial presentation, he developed massive GI bleeding. Abdominal computed tomographic angiography and small bowel series revealed findings suggestive of Meckel's diverticulum. Meckel's diverticulum should be suspected in children with unexplained chronic IDA even in the absence of prominent GI bleeding and negative findings on repetitive Meckel's scans. Moreover, Meckel's diverticulum should be included in the differential diagnosis of isolated small bowel Crohn's disease when the disease is limited to a short segment of the distal small bowel, as ulcers and inflammation may result as a consequence of acid secreted from adjacent heterotopic gastric mucosa constituting the Meckel's diverticulum.

Overview of Deep Learning in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Artificial intelligence is likely to perform several roles currently performed by humans, and the adoption of artificial intelligence-based medicine in gastroenterology practice is expected in the near future. Medical image-based diagnoses, such as pathology, radiology, and endoscopy, are expected to be the first in the medical field to be affected by artificial intelligence. A convolutional neural network, a kind of deep-learning method with multilayer perceptrons designed to use minimal preprocessing, was recently reported as being highly beneficial in the field of endoscopy, including esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, and capsule endoscopy. A convolutional neural network-based diagnostic program was challenged to recognize anatomical locations in esophagogastroduodenoscopy images, Helicobacter pylori infection, and gastric cancer for esophagogastroduodenoscopy; to detect and classify colorectal polyps; to recognize celiac disease and hookworm; and to perform small intestine motility characterization of capsule endoscopy images. Artificial intelligence is expected to help endoscopists provide a more accurate diagnosis by automatically detecting and classifying lesions; therefore, it is essential that endoscopists focus on this novel technology. In this review, we describe the effects of artificial intelligence on gastroenterology with a special focus on automatic diagnosis, based on endoscopic findings.

Recent Development of Computer Vision Technology to Improve Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a preferred diagnostic method for analyzing small bowel diseases. However, capsule endoscopes capture a sparse number of images because of their mechanical limitations. Post-procedural management using computational methods can enhance image quality. Additional information, including depth, can be obtained by using recently developed computer vision techniques. It is possible to measure the size of lesions and track the trajectory of capsule endoscopes using the computer vision technology, without requiring additional equipment. Moreover, the computational analysis of CE images can help detect lesions more accurately within a shorter time. Newly introduced deep leaning-based methods have shown more remarkable results over traditional computerized approaches. A large-scale standard dataset should be prepared to develop an optimal algorithms for improving the diagnostic yield of CE. The close collaboration between information technology and medical professionals is needed.

Experiencia con videocápsula endoscópica en el estudio y diagnóstico de enfermedades del intestino delgado en un hospital de alta complejidad en Medellín, Colombia / Experience with video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in the study and diagnosis of small bowel diseases in a tertiary hospital in Medellín, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: el intestino delgado (ID) es un órgano difícil de estudiar debido a su gran tamaño y ubicación anatómica; los estudios endoscópicos convencionales (esofagogastroduodenoscopia y colonoscopia) no logran evaluarlo en su totalidad y la enteroscopia con balón es más invasiva, con mayores efectos adversos y tasas de complicaciones. La videocápsula endoscópica (VCE) es una tecnología mínimamente invasiva que permite visualizar de forma dinámica y completa la mucosa del ID; es el método directo más seguro y con menos tasas de complicaciones. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, para describir la experiencia clínica en la utilización de la VCE en un hospital de alta complejidad en Medellín, Colombia; asimismo, determinar las indicaciones, síntomas más comunes y hallazgos anormales. Resultados: se realizaron 374 VCE en el período de estudio: 282 ambulatorias (75,4 %) y 92 hospitalizados (24,6 %). En ambos grupos la indicación más frecuente fue sangrado digestivo oscuro (38,65 % y 53,26 %, respectivamente), seguidos por anemia crónica en el 27,65 % de ambulatorios y por enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) en 21,74 % de los hospitalizados. Los hallazgos anormales fueron más frecuentes en el yeyuno y las lesiones más comunes fueron angiodisplasias y lesiones inflamatorias. Conclusiones: en las indicaciones más frecuentes (sangrado digestivo oscuro y anemia) se documentaron potenciales fuentes de sangrado en más del 70 % de los casos; siendo las lesiones vasculares e inflamatorias los hallazgos más comunes. En seguimiento o evaluación de EII se documentaron en más del 50 % lesiones inflamatorias. La VCE es muy segura, no se presentó ninguna complicación relacionada con la VCE.

Abstract Introduction: The small intestine is a difficult organ to study due to its large size and anatomical location. Conventional esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy cannot evaluate the entirety of the small intestine and balloon enteroscopy is more invasive, has more adverse effects, and has higher complication rates. Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a minimally invasive technology that allows a dynamic and complete view of the mucosa of the small intestine. It is the safest direct method which has the lowest complication rates. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional descriptive observational study that describes clinical experience in the use of VCE at a highly complex hospital in Medellin, Colombia. It also describes the indications for VCE, and the most common symptoms and abnormal findings. Results: VCE was used to study 282 outpatients (75.4%) and 92 hospitalized patients (24.6%) during the study period. In both groups, the most frequent indication was obscure digestive bleeding (38.65% and 53.26% respectively), followed by chronic anemia in 27.65% of outpatients, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 21.74% of hospitalized patients. Abnormal findings were more frequent in the jejunum, and the most common lesions were angiodysplasias and inflammatory lesions. Conclusions: Potential sources of bleeding were documented in more than 70% of the cases of the most frequent indications which were obscure digestive bleeding and anemia. Vascular and inflammatory lesions were the most common findings. In follow-up evaluation of IBD, inflammatory lesions were documented in more than 50% of the cases. VCE is very safe, and there were no complications related to the VCE.

Impacto da enteroscopia por cápsula na anemia ferropénica: influência da idade do doente no rendimento diagnóstico / Impact of small bowel capsule endoscopy in iron deficiency anemia: influence of patient'sage on diagnostic yield

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia remains one of the main indications to perform small bowel capsule endoscopy. Literature suggests that diagnostic yield is influenced by patient's age but with conflicting results regarding age cutoff. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to clarify the differences in diagnostic yield and incidence of specific findings according to age. METHODS: Retrospective single-center study including 118 patients performing small bowel capsule endoscopy in the study of iron deficiency anemia. Videos were reviewed and small bowel findings that may account for anemia were reported. Incomplete examinations were excluded. Findings were compared between patients ≤60 and >60 years. RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 58 years old (SD ±17.9) with 69.5% females (n=82). The overall diagnostic yield was 49% (58/118), being higher among patients >60 years (36/60, diagnostic yield 60%) than those ≤60 years (20/58, diagnostic yield 34%), (P<0.01). Angioectasias were more frequent in patients >60 years (45% vs 9%, P<0.01). Patients ≤60 years presented more frequently significant inflammation (Lewis score >135 in 10.3% vs 1.7%, P<0.05) and other non-vascular lesions (24% vs 10%, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: In our cohort small bowel capsule endoscopy diagnosed clinically relevant findings in the setting of iron deficiency anemia in almost half the patients. Diagnostic yield was higher in patients older than 60 years (60%), with vascular lesions being more frequent in this age group. Despite the lower diagnostic yield in patients ≤60 years, significant pathology was also found in this age group, mainly of inflammatory type.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A anemia ferropénica constitui uma das principais indicações para realização de enteroscopia por cápsula. A literatura sugere que o rendimento diagnóstico é influenciado pela idade do doente, contudo, não é consensual o grupo etário para o qual o rendimento diagnóstico é maior. OBJETIVO: Clarificar as diferenças de rendimento diagnóstico e incidência de achados específicos de acordo com a idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospetivo unicêntrico. Incluídos 118 doentes que realizaram sistematicamente enteroscopia por cápsula no estudo de anemia ferropénica. Todos os vídeos foram revistos e foram reportados os achados no intestino delgado que pudessem ser a causa da anemia ferropénica. Excluídas enteroscopia por cápsula incompletas. Comparados os achados entre doentes com ≤60 e >60 anos. RESULTADOS: Doentes com idade média de 58 anos (SD ±17,9), 69,5% do género feminino (n=82). O rendimento diagnóstico global foi de 49% (58/118), sendo superior em doentes >60 anos (36/60, rendimento diagnóstico 60%) do que em doentes ≤60 anos (20/58, 34%). As angiectasias foram mais frequentemente reportadas em doentes >60 anos (45% vs 9%, P<0,01). Nos doentes com ≤60 anos foi mais frequentemente reportada inflamação significativa (Score de Lewis >135 em 10,3% vs 1,7%, P<0,05) e lesões não vasculares (24% vs 10%, P=0,04). CONCLUSÃO: Na nossa amostra, a enteroscopia por cápsula revelou-se importante no estudo da anemia ferropénica detectando achados relevantes em cerca de metade dos doentes. O rendimento diagnóstico foi maior em doentes com mais de 60 anos (60%), sendo as lesões vasculares mais frequentes neste grupo. Apesar do menor rendimento diagnóstico em indivíduos até aos 60 anos, foi detectada patologia relevante neste grupo, em especial do tipo inflamatório.

Diagnóstico de helmintiasis por videocápsula endoscópica / Diagnosis of helminthiasis by endoscopic videocapsule

Resumen La helmintiasis corresponde a una parasitosis intestinal altamente prevalente en países en desarrollo, y que viene aumentando en los países desarrollados. Teniendo en cuenta el ciclo de vida de los helmintos, su presentación se relaciona con situaciones ambientales y socioeconómicas de alto riesgo. Por tanto, su presencia endémica puede considerarse un problema de salud pública. Para el diagnóstico, se disponen de varios elementos que incluyen el estudio de la materia fecal, la endoscopia y las imágenes diagnósticas como los estudios de rayos X de vías digestivas, la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) y la resonancia magnética (RM). En la actualidad, existen reportes de diagnóstico de helmintiasis por cápsula endoscópica que también han permitido el estudio de la ecología y de la patología in situ de estos parásitos. Se presenta un caso clínico de helmintiasis compatible con estrongiloidosis, diagnosticado por cápsula endoscópica por el Grupo de Gastroenterología Clínico-Quirúrgica de la Universidad de Caldas, Colombia.

Abstract Helminthiasis is an intestinal parasitosis that is very prevalent in developing countries but is increasing in developed countries. Taking into account the life cycle of helminths, their presentation is related to high-risk environmental and socioeconomic situations. Endemic presence can be considered a public health problem. Several methods are available for diagnosis including the study of fecal matter, endoscopy and diagnostic imaging such as X-ray studies of the digestive tract, CT scans and magnetic resonance. Recently, there have been reports of diagnosis of helminthiasis by capsule endoscopy which has also allowed the study of the ecology and in situ pathology of these parasites. We present a clinical case of helminthiasis compatible with strongyloidiasis that was diagnosed by endoscopic capsule by the surgical clinical gastroenterology group of the University of Caldas in Manizales, Colombia.

Complicaciones de las videocolonoscopias en los primeros once años en un equipo quirúrgico / Adverse events related to colonoscopy on the initial eleven years of a surgical team

Antecedentes: la videocolonoscopia es un procedimiento imprescindible para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de afecciones colorrectales que forma parte de los recursos del cirujano. Posee un índice de complicaciones que pueden ser graves y requieren un adecuado manejo. Objetivo: analizar la experiencia de complicaciones de once años de un equipo quirúrgico realizando videocolonoscopia, con revisión de la bibliografía actual. Material y métodos: análisis retrospectivo consecutivo sobre una base de datos prospectiva. Entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2016 se realizaron endoscopias digestivas altas y bajas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Se analizan puntualmente las complicaciones de las videocolonoscopias y su manejo por parte del equipo quirúrgico. Resultados: de 3218 videocolonoscopias, 8 pacientes registraron complicaciones (0,2%). Todas fueron perforaciones colónicas resueltas mediante cirugía, con rafia primaria y operación tipo Hartmann. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. Conclusiones: si bien los procedimientos endoscópicos tienen efectos adversos, pueden ser llevados a cabo con estándares de calidad por cirujanos. Es importante que el equipo actuante esté capacitado para la resolución de complicaciones.

Background: colonoscopy is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal conditions, and is part of the surgeon's resources. Complications associated with the procedure could be severe, and require an appropriate management. Objective: to analyze complications associated with colonoscopies done by a surgical team. Material and method: retrospective analysis on a prospective database. Diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopies done by a surgical team between January 2005 and December 2016 were included. Complications and management strategies were analyzed. Results: of 3218 colonoscopies, 8 patients presented complications (0.2%). All were colon perforations solved by surgery, with primary closure and a kind of Hartmann's procedure. There was no mortality In this series. Conclusions: although endoscopic procedures may have adverse effects, they can be done under standards of quality by surgeons. It is important that the intervening team be qualified for the solution of complications.

Descripción del uso de cápsula endoscópica en un hospital público pediátrico / Description of capsule endoscopy use in a pediatric public hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La cápsula endoscópica (CE) es a una técnica no invasiva que permite la visualización de la mucosa del intestino delgado. Se utiliza para el diagnóstico de lesiones no accesibles con otros exámenes. El objetivo fue describir la experiencia de uso de CE en un hospital público pediátrico en Chile. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo en que se revisaron los casos en que se utilizó CE en el Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna desde 2010 hasta la fecha. Se registraron datos demográficos, clínicos, hallazgos, complicaciones, diagnóstico y conducta. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 20 procedimientos en 16 pacientes, 11 varones (69%), mediana de edad 12 años (rango 3 a 15 años). Las indicaciones incluyeron estudio de poliposis (60%), sospecha de enfermedad de Crohn (20%), hemorragia digestiva de origen desconocido (15%) y anemia de causa desconocida (5%). Diecisiete estudios estaban alterados (85%) y 11 llevaron a un diagnóstico o cambio de conducta clínica (55%). Los hallazgos principales fueron pólipos y erosiones intestinales. No se produjeron complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La CE es una técnica útil y segura en niños, factible de realizar en un hospital público pediátrico.

INTRODUCTION: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a non-invasive technique that allows visualization of small intestine mucosa. It is used for diagnosis of lesions not accessible with other tests. Our goal was to describe the experience using CE in a pediatric public hospital in Chile. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective study was carried out to review the cases in which CE was used at Dr. Luis Calvo Mac kenna Hospital from 2010 to date. Demographic and clinical data, findings, complications, diagnosis and treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty procedures were performed in 16 patients, 11 men (69%), median age 12 years (range 3 to 15 years). Indications included polyposis study (60%), suspected Crohn disease (20%), obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (15%) and undiagnosed anemia (5%). Seventeen studies were altered (85%) and 11 led to a diagnosis or clinical behavior change (55%). There were no complications. CONCLUSIONS: CE is a useful and safe technique in children, feasible to perform in a pediatric public hospital.